Indian Air Force (IAF) Chief, Air Chief Marshal Amar Preet Singh, recently emphasized the importance of timely technological advancements in military aviation, stating that “technology delayed is technology denied.” His remarks highlight the prolonged setbacks faced by India’s Tejas Light Combat Aircraft (LCA) program, which was initiated in 1984 but has only produced 36 aircraft in four decades, averaging one per year. The delays have left the IAF struggling to replace its aging fleet, operating with just 31 fighter squadrons—far below the sanctioned strength of 42—many of which still rely on Soviet-era aircraft.
While the addition of 36 French Rafale jets has enhanced operational capabilities, it remains insufficient to counterbalance the growing air power of regional adversaries.
Pakistan’s Air Force (PAF) boasts an advanced fleet, including the JF-17, J-10C, and F-16 fighter jets. The JF-17 Thunder, produced at the Pakistan Aeronautical Complex (PAC) in Kamra, is equipped with cutting-edge avionics, an AESA radar, a glass cockpit, advanced electronic warfare systems, HOTAS controls, and long-range BVR weaponry. Additionally, the PAF is planning to integrate J-31 fifth-generation stealth fighters into active operations in the coming years.
Meanwhile, China’s People’s Liberation Army Air Force (PLAAF) continues its rapid modernization with a fleet that includes the J-20, a fifth-generation stealth fighter. Estimates suggest that the number of J-20s will increase from 200 to 1,000 by 2035. Furthermore, China is actively developing a sixth-generation integrated space-air fighter, as showcased at the 2024 Zhuhai Airshow.
Given this evolving strategic environment, the IAF’s reliance on an aging fleet presents significant challenges in potential air engagements. The LCA program has been unable to meet operational demands due to issues related to engine performance, avionics integration, and flight control system stability. It is unlikely that the LCA Mk-1 or Mk-2 will achieve full operational clearance before 2030, while the Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft (AMCA) is not expected to enter service before 2035.
Even when these aircraft are inducted, concerns remain about their ability to meet operational requirements in the mid-21st century, particularly with the emergence of sixth-generation stealth fighters and advanced drone warfare using manned-unmanned teaming strategies.
This raises a crucial question: What should India do to address these challenges?
During a February 2025 meeting between U.S. President Donald Trump and Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi, the United States announced India’s potential acquisition of F-35 stealth fighters. This development serves two key purposes: first, to encourage India to invest in the costly F-35 program—estimated at approximately USD 100 million per aircraft—and second, to dissuade India from acquiring Russia’s Su-57, which has reportedly been offered with production transfer rights.
However, the decision to procure the F-35 presents multiple challenges. Beyond political considerations, it requires a significant financial commitment and specialized infrastructure for its deployment. Additionally, integrating the F-35 into the IAF, which primarily operates Russian-origin equipment, would be a complex logistical undertaking.
Another major concern is the potential impact on India’s indigenous LCA and AMCA programs. While the F-35 is a highly capable fifth-generation fighter, it comes with high operational costs, including a steep price per flying hour—estimated at nearly USD 42,000. Diverting substantial funds and resources toward the F-35 could undermine domestic aviation initiatives and the ‘Make in India’ vision.
Ultimately, acquiring the F-35 could deliver another setback to the already delayed LCA Tejas and AMCA programs, raising concerns about their long-term viability in an era dominated by next-generation aerial warfare. A thorough evaluation is required to determine whether these indigenous projects align with the future operational needs of the IAF, particularly as air combat evolves toward stealth and unmanned capabilities.
